The End

Allah set the Divine Law, but people now no longer care for the Divine Law. Those who deny it are going to be unbelievers; there is no faith with them. The Holy Qur’an mentions everything that has happened to the perished nations. The Children of Israel had Moses. Allah called him to Mount Sinai to give him the Torah. When he left them, they made a Golden Calf and worshiped it. When Moses came back, they were very repentant and sought forgiveness from Allah for what they did.

Allah ordered Moses and Aaron to have the idolaters executed. But He did forgive them and granted them Paradise, accepting for their penance, the penalty of death. 70,000 people had worshiped that Golden Calf.

Lo! Those who chose the calf for worship, terror from their Lord and humiliation will come upon them in the life of the world. Thus do We requite those who invent a lie.
[Quran 7:152]

Nowadays, people are not worshiping golden calves, they are worshiping Satan. Every nation has them: people follow them and never show any respect to Allah. We see from the exegesis of the verse, the penalty for disbelief, for denying Allah and refusing His Divine Law despite clear signs, is to be killed. And it is Allah Who is exacting that penalty. There are wars, conflict and strife all over the world. People are killing each other in ways that have never happened before. People are using technology only to kill others.

Armageddon is not far off. The whole world going to be cleansed of the followers of Satan. The People of Satan are going to be destroyed, mostly by their own hands. And when it is over, the Divine Kingdom will be established on Earth. The Divine Kingdom will be built by Imam Mahdi and the believers.

After the Mahdi has come, the Antichrist will collect those who insist on unbelief.
These people will run after the Antichrist, because he will tell them:

“I am your Lord. Come with me.”

He shall stamp his followers with the Mark.

The Antichrist will gather his followers from the east to the west, throughout the entire world, until Allah sends forward the Savior, Jesus Christ.

He will defeat and kill the Antichrist and all his followers.

For forty years on Earth thereafter, there should be only believers, sincere people who do not run after temptations. They are for Allah, day and night. They are the ones who spend their nights in remembrance and worship; their only focus is worship. After these forty years, the people of disbelief will appear again and slowly get more numerous.

As for Jesus, he will go to Medina, to Prophet Muhammad's tomb. There is, behind the Prophet’s grave, three places: one for Abu Bakr, one for ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, and then there is a fourth grave which is now empty. It is for Jesus. He will be with them, and the believers will bury him in that fourth grave.

And when all this is past, in a time thereafter that only Allah knows, there will come a wind from Paradise. It will bring an easy death for the believers. It is a beautifully scented wind and the believers will smell it and fall into the sleep of death. And then, angels will come to take their bodies and bury them. There will remain after this time, only disbelievers on earth; and then the Last Days with its earthquakes and trials will come upon them.

This is what the Prophet has informed us. The world will reach to that point. Only the believers will be protected and the unbelievers will be reaped. The punishment for disbelief is death, and millions are going to die. But when they are killed, their souls are clean. Allah is Forgiving. He will forgive them after exacting his penalties, and He will put them in His Paradise. Death is going to purify them. When Allah punishes them for their wrongs, by His Mercy, He will grant that with their last breath, they say, “Allah is One,” and then, they are taken away.

These are the Glad Tidings that are sent today. Everyone is born to die; no one is born to stay here.
There are angels who say:

“You are going to be born for death and you are building for destruction.”

Every building must be destroyed, every living thing must die: young or old, we are all are going to be taken away. When Allah takes His Penalty of His slaves, He is not going to give another punishment after death. Therefore, although many people are going to die because of their sins, because they will be worshiping Satan and forget their Lord, in their last moment, even when that bullet is about to reach that person, an angel will command unto them,

“Say: Allah is One.”

And then their soul is taken.

— Sheikh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani an-Naqshband 

Essentials of Judaism — Principles of Faith

1. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, creates and guides all creatures, and that He alone made, makes, and will make everything.
2. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, is unique, and there is no uniqueness like His in any way, and that He alone is our God, Who was, Who is, and Who always will be.
3. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, is not physical and is not affected by physical phenomena, and that there is no comparison to Him whatsoever. 
4. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, is the very first and the very last.
5. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, to Him alone is it proper to pray and it is not proper to pray to any other.
6. I believe with complete faith that all the words of the prophets are true.
7. I believe with complete faith that the prophesy of Moses, our teacher, peace be upon him, was true, and that he was the father of the prophets: both those who came before him and those who followed him. 
8. I believe with complete faith that the entire Torah now in our hands is the same one that was given to Moses, our teacher, peace be upon him.
9. I believe with complete faith that this Torah will not be exchanged nor will there be another Torah from the Creator, Blessed be His Name.
10. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, knows all the deeds of human beings and their thoughts.
11. I believe with complete faith that the Creator, Blessed is His Name, rewards with good upon those who observe His Commandments, and punishes those who violate His Commandments.
12. I believe with complete faith in the coming of the Messiah and even though he may delay in his advent, nevertheless I anticipate every day that he will come.
13. I believe with complete faith that there will be a resuscitation of the dead whenever the wish emanates from the Creator, Blessed is His Name and exalted is His mention, forever and for all eternity.

Principle I. Belief in the Existence of the Creator

To believe in the existence of the Creator, and this Creator is perfect in all manner of existence. He is the cause of all existence. He causes them to exist and they exist only because of Him. And if you could contemplate a case, such that He was not to exist, then all things would cease to exist and there would remain nothing. And if you were to contemplate a case, such that all things would cease to exist aside from the Creator, His existence would not cease. And He would lose nothing; and Oneness and Kingship is His alone. HaShem of strength is His name because He is sufficient with His own existence, and sufficient is just Him alone, and needs no other. And the existences of the angels, and the celestial bodies, and all that is in them and that which is below them all need Him for their existence. And this is the first pillar and is attested to by the verse, “I am HaShem your God.”

Principle II. Belief in the Divine Unity of the Creator

Meaning to say to accept that this is the quintessential idea of Oneness. It is not like the oneness of a pair and not one like a species. And not like man that has many individual nor like a body that divides into many different parts until no end. Rather, God is One and there is no other oneness like His. This is the second principle and is taught in what it says, “Hear Israel, HaShem is Our God, HaShem is one.”

Principle III. Belief in the Absolute Transcendence of the Creator

This is to accept that this Oneness that we have mentioned above is not a body and has no strength in the body, and has no shape or image or relationship to a body or parts thereof. This is why the Sages of blessed memory said with regards to Heaven there is no sitting, nor standing, no awakeness, nor tiredness. This is all to say that He does not partake of any physical actions or qualities. And if He were to be a body then He would be like any other body and would not be God. All that is written in the holy books regarding descriptions of God, they are anthropomorphic. Thus said our great Rabbis of blessed memory, “The Torah speaketh in man’s language,” that is, it uses human terminology to offer understanding. And the Rabbis have already spoken at length on this issue. This is the third pillar and is attested to by the verse, “For you saw no image” meaning that you did not see an image or any form when you stood at Sinai because as we have just said, He has no body, nor power of the body.

Principle IV. Belief in the Antiquity of the Creator

This is that God existed prior to everything, and exists after everything. This is proved many times throughout scripture and is attested to by the verse, “Meuna Elokei kedem.”

Principle V. Belief in Glorification of the Creator and Submission unto Him

But not to do this to those that are below Him in the creation: not to the angels nor the stars nor the planets nor anything else, for they are all created things in nature and in their functioning; there is no choice or judgment except by God Himself. It is not fitting to serve them as intermediaries to God. Only to God should you incline your thoughts and actions. This is the fifth principle and it warns against idolatry and most of the Torah speaks out against this.

Principle VI. Belief in Prophecy

It is known that a prophet is a type of man who are created beings of great stature and perfected traits. They have tremendous knowledge until a different intelligence attaches to them when the intelligence of the person clings to the Intelligence of God and it rests upon him. And these are the prophets, and this is prophecy, and the idea of it. The explanation of it is very long and the intention is not to bring a sign for every fundamental and to explain it all, encompassing of all knowledge, but it is mentioned to us in a story form and all of the Torah attests to this.

Principle VII. Belief in the Prophetic Eminence of Rabbi Moses

We accept that he was the father of all prophets that were before him and that come after him. He was on a qualitatively different level than any other, and he is chosen from all other people before and after him of any who have knowledge regarding God, for his was the greatest. And he, peace be upon him, rose to the levels of angels. He was granted all areas of knowledge and prophecy and his physical attributes did not diminish. His knowledge was different and it is through this difference that it is ascribed to him that he spoke to God without any intermediary.

My intention was to explain this puzzling concept and to open up the sealed areas in the Torah regarding the verses of “face to face” and other similar references, but its length would be tremendous and it would require numerous proofs from the Torah and other sources and encompass many areas. Even to write it the briefest of briefest it would require a hundred pages, so I will save it and write it in another book. I will now return to the intent of this seventh fundamental that the Prophecy of Moses, our teacher, peace be upon him, was different from all others in four ways:

1. Regarding all prophets, God spoke to them through intermediaries, but Moses was spoken to without one, whether angel or any other being, as it says, “face to face I spoke to him”.
2. Regarding all prophets, prophecy came to them at night while they were asleep in a dream as it says, “in a dream of the night” and other such references; or in the day but only after a deep subconscious state came over them, and all their senses were shut off except their thoughts.
   Not so by Moses. Moses would receive a prophecy any time when he would stand between the two figures on the Ark of the Covenant, as God attests to it, “and I will make it known to you there” and “not so my servant Moses. Face to face I speak to him.”
3. When a prophet would receive prophecy he would not be able to stand the intense effect and he would shake and not be able to stand, as it relates regarding Daniel in his encounter with the Archangel Gabriel. Regarding Moses, he did not suffer from this. As it says, “Face to face do I speak to him as a person speaks to his friend”. And even though this is the greatest connection to God, still, he did not suffer.
4. All other prophets could not receive prophecy at their will, but only when God desired to tell them. Some would go days or months without prophecy. Even if they wanted or needed something, sometimes it would be days or months or years or even never that they would be told. Some would have people play music to put them in a good mood such as Elisha.
   However, Moses, peace be upon him, received prophecy whenever he wanted, as it says, “Stand here and listen to what God will tell you to do” and “God said to Moses tell Aaron your brother he cannot come to the Holy of Holies anytime he wills”. Our rabbis said, “Aaron was prohibited to come at his will, but not Moses.

Principle VIII. Belief in the Heavenly Origin of the Torah

And this is to believe that all of this Torah that was given by Moses, our teacher, peace be upon him, that it is all from the Mouth of God, meaning that it was received by him entirely from God. And it is not known how Moses received it except by Moses himself, peace be upon him.
We believe that it came to him, that he was like a stenographer that you read to him and he writes all that is told to him: all the events and dates, the stories, and all the commandments. There is no difference between verses such as “And the sons of Cham were Kush, and Mitzraim, and his wife was Mehatbe’el” and “Timnah was his concubine,” and verses that speak “I am HaShem your God” and “Hear, O Israel, HaShem, your God, HaShem is One” for it was all given by God. And it is all HaShem’s perfect Torah: Pure, Holy, and True.
Whosoever says that these verses or stories, Moses made them up, he is a denier of our sages and prophets worse than all other types of deniers, a heretic, for he thinks that what is in the Torah is from man’s flawed heart and the questions and statements and the dates and stories are of no value for they are from Moses, peace be upon him.
Whoever believes the Torah is not from Heaven, on this our sages of blessed memory said,

“He who believes that the Torah is from Heaven except this verse that God did not say it but rather Moses himself did, he is a denier of all the Torah.”

We believe that God spoke this and that; each and every statement in the Torah, is from God and it is full of Wisdom and Benefit to those who understand them. And its depth of Knowledge is greater than all of the land and wider than all the seas and a person can only go in the Path of David, the Anointed of the God of Jacob who prayed and said,

“Open my eyes so that I may glance upon the wonders of Your Torah”
[Psalms 119].

Similarly, the explanation of the Torah was also received from God and this is what we use today to know the appearance and structure of the sukka and the lulav and the shofar, tzitzis, tefillin and their usage. And all this God said to Moses and Moses told to us. And he is trustworthy in his role as the messenger and the verse that teaches of this fundamental is what is written

“And Moses said, with this shall you know that HaShem sent me to do all these actions, wonders, because they are not from my heart.”
[Numbers 16]

Principle IX. Belief in the Completeness of the Torah

And this is that the Torah is from God and is not lacking. That to it you can’t add or take away from. Not from the written Torah or from the oral Torah, as it says, “Do not add to it and do not take away from it.” [Deuteronomy 13:1]. And we already explained what needs to be explained about this fundamental at the beginning of this essay.

Principle X. Belief in the Omniscience of the Creator

His Knowledge is not like the one who says God abandoned the land but rather like it has been said in Jeremiah 32, “Great in Council and Mighty in Deed, Your Eyes are Cognizant to all the ways of Mankind” and Book of Genesis 6, “And God saw for the evil of man on the land had grown greatly.” And it says, “The disgust of Sodom and Gomorrah is great” and this demonstrates the tenth principle.

Principle XI. Belief in the Reward of the Creator for those who uphold the Commandments of the Torah and the Punishment of the Creator upon those who transgress its Admonishments and Warnings

And the Great Reward is the Life of the World to come and the Punishment is the cutting off of the soul therein. And we already said regarding this topic what these are. And the verse that attests to this principle is from Exodus 32,

“And now if You would but forgive their sins; and, if not, erase me from the Book You have written.”
And God answered him, “He who sinned against Me I will erase from My Book.”

This is a proof that God knows the sinner and the fulfiller to mete out Reward to one and Punishment to the other.

Principle XII. Belief in the Advent of the Messiah

And this is to believe that in truth he will come and that we should be waiting for him even though he delays in coming. And you should not calculate times for him to come, or to look in the verses of TaNaKh to see when he should come. The sages say:

The wisdom of those who calculate times is small and that you should believe that he will be greater and more honored than all of the kings of Israel since the beginning of time as it is prophesied by all the prophets from Moses our teacher, peace be upon him, until Malachi, peace be upon him.
And he who doubts or diminishes the greatness of the Messiah is a denier in all the Torah for it testifies to the Messiah explicitly in the portion of Bilam and the portion of “You are gathered.”
And part of this principle that there is no king of Israel except from the House of David and from the Seed of Solomon alone. And anyone who disputes this regarding the Messianic family is a denier of the Name of God and in all the Words of the Prophets.

Principle XIII. Belief in the Resurrection of the Dead

We have already explained this beforehand: the dead shall be resurrected and judged accordingly.


And when the person will believe all these fundamentals, his faith will be clear in them and he shall thus enter into the Nation of Israel and it is a mitzva to love him and to have mercy on him and to act to him according to all the ways in which God commanded us regarding loving your neighbor.

And even if he did all of the sins in the Torah due to desire of the emotions, and from his physical aspect’s conquering him, he will be punished for his sins, but he still has a share in the World to come and is among the sinners of Israel.

However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the Nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic and a denier, and it is a mitzva to hate him and to destroy him. And regarding him it is said

“Behold will not the enemy of God be my enemy?”
[Psalms 139]

I have expounded at length many things and I have left the topic of my composition but I have done it for I saw a need in the dealings of the fundamentals of faith and I have gathered together many different and spread out areas. Therefore know them and succeed in understanding them and review them many times and know them very well.

And, if after one or ten times, you think you have understood them, God knows that you are just involved in falsehood. Therefore do not read them quickly because I have not written them as it suddenly entered into my mind, but rather, after a deep and very careful study of the whole area and after I have seen many clear and true ideas; and I have seen what is proper to believe of them and I have brought proofs and logical demonstrations for each and every one of them.

May it be God’s will that I have been correct that He helped me through this area on the Good Path and now I will return to my explanation of this chapter.

— Rabbi Moses Maimonides, Commentary on the Mishnah, Tractate Sanhedrin Ch. 10

Creed of the Shi'at-e-Ali w'al-Ahlul-Bayt

Previously, we covered the Creed of Sunni Islam. In this article, we will briefly be covering the Creed of the Shiites, more specifically, that of the Twelvers, Ithna Ash'ari. The Creed of the Ithna Ash'ari is divided into two sections based on faith and practice. The section covering the former is called the Foundations of the Religion, Usul ad-Din. This is the section we will be focusing on. The latter, known as the Furu'd-Din, that is, the Ancillaries of the Religion, are the practices akin to the five pillars of Sunni Islam. We will only be listing those here without going into details.

The Foundations of Shiite Islam are five, in contrast to six of the Sunnis. These are:

1. Tawhid-e-Ilahi
2. 'Adalah-e-Allah
3. Nabuwwat
4. Imamat
5. Yawm al-Qiyamah

The Ancillaries, that is, the Practices of Shiite Islam are ten, in contrast to five of the Sunnis. These are:

1. Salat, that is, establishment of Ritual Prayer
2. Sawm, that is, establishment of Fasting during the Holy Month of Ramadan
3. Hajj, the Pilgrimage to Mecca
4. Zakat, that is, mandatory charity to the poor
5. Khumms, that is, mandatory tax paid to the Imam
6. Jihad, the struggle in the Cause of Allah
7. Amr bil-Ma'ruf, enjoining good deeds upon society
8. Nahi ana'l-Munkar, forbidding others from deeds that are evil
9. Tawalla, professing love towards God and the People of Muhammad's Household
10. Tabarra, expressing dissociation from the enemies of God and those who hate and oppress the members of the Prophetic Household

The Ten Ancillaries of the Religion in Shiite Islam are derived off the first five Principles which are key to the Creed. Among these, Salat, Zakat, Sawm and Hajj are shared practices between Shiites and Sunnis. Jihad is another commonality, though, it is an optional sixth pillar in Sunni Islam and not a core tenet.

Regarding the concepts of Amr bil-Ma'ruf nahi ana'l-Munkar, these are derived off the second Principle of Religion, 'Adalah-e-Allah, that is, what roughly translates to the Divine Justice of God. This is the belief that deeds are inherently good and evil, and what is good is to be encouraged and what is evil is to be avoided. Sunnis do not believe that any work is innately good or evil but something is good by virtue of being commanded by Allah and something is evil by virtue of being forbidden by Him.

As for Tawalla and Tabarra, this is where controversy arises between Shiites and Sunnis, particularly with the latter concept that demands absolute divorce of the Shiite Muslim from all those perceived to be enemies of the people of Muhammad's Household, Ahlul-Bayt. The Shiite interpretation of history portrays the first three caliphs of Sunnism, Abu Bakr, 'Umar ibn al-Khattab and 'Uthman ibn 'Affan as usurpers to the rightful Imamate of 'Ali and his bloodline.

In short, without getting into the many nuances, the Shiite narration of the tale unfolds in Ghadeer-e-Khum on the 18th of Dhul-Hijjah of the year 10 AH, which would be 10th March, 632 CE of the Gregorian calendar. On this momentous occasion, on the way from the Final Pilgrimage in Mecca back to Medina, the Holy Prophet Muhammad stops at the Oasis of Khum, the following Verse is revealed to him,

O Apostle! Deliver what has been sent down to you from your Lord; and if you don't do it, you have not delivered His Message; and Allah will protect you from the people ...
[Quran 5:67]

Upon receiving this Revelation, Muhammad stops the caravan of pilgrims and waits for everyone to gather at the spot. Then he delivers a long sermon lasting over three hours. A crucial excerpt of the sermon is presented below,

It seems the time approaches when I shall be called away and I shall answer that call. I am leaving for you two weighty things and if you adhere to them both, you will never go astray after me. They are the Book of Allah and my Progeny, the People of my House. The two shall never separate from each other until they come to me by the Pool of Paradise.

Following this, the Prophet asks,

Do I not have more right over the believers than what they have over themselves? 

The people cry and answer,

Yes, O Messenger of God!

 Then the Prophet declares, raising the hand of Hazrat 'Ali Murtaza,

Whosoever I am his Leader, 'Ali is his Leader.
By God, love those who love him, and be hostile to those who are hostile to him.

This is the basis for the concepts of Tawalla and Tabarra. Following the declaration, the Prophet received Revelation,

On this day, I have perfected your religion and completed my favor upon you, and I was satisfied that Islam be your religion.
[Quran 5:3]

And upon the Revelation of this Verse, Shiites have consolidated it to be a core matter of their 'Aqeedah to believe in the Imamate of 'Ali and his household as Allah mentioned the perfection of His religion after the declaration of 'Ali as the leader of the Muslim Ummah. Therefore, without the belief in 'Ali as the rightful successor after Muhammad as Amirul Mumineen, one's Islam is concluded to be imperfect and incomplete.

The Shiites believe that after the death of the Prophet, while Hazrat 'Ali and Fatima were busy with the funeral rites, Abu Bakr and 'Umar conspired at Saqifa to usurp power from 'Ali who was to be the rightful successor. Enraged that the decision was made without their consent, the supporters of 'Ali then went to Fatima's house to mobilize a revolt but 'Umar arrived there just in the nick of time with the threat to burn down the house of Fatima for it had become a place of fitna. After this, 'Ali, for the sake of unity, performs taqiya and does not claim his right to be the leader allowing Abu Bakr, then 'Umar, then 'Uthman to take up his position as Amirul Mumineen.

This is an extremely abridged summary of the Shiite historical narration but the gist of the matter is that the Imamate of 'Ali is a Godsent Revelation unto Muhammad following the declaration of which Allah stated that the religion is perfected and thus for one's Islam to be accepted as whole it is absolutely fundamental to believe in the Right of Hazrat 'Ali to be the Imam. Denial of this right makes Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman have their religion rendered defective and drag them into the position of those against whom a believer in God is to perform Tabarra.

Unfortunately, the length of this article does not permit us to go into the depths of these matters. It is a historical debate and multitudes of opinions against even among the Shiites. In brief, the Shiites, due to their such beliefs, are often called the Rafidah, meaning "the Rejectors," because they rejected the legitimacy of the Caliphate. A historian with expertise in this field will be able to provide better elucidation of these things. For now, it would be better to divulge the Usul ad-Din as intended at the beginning of this text.

The first of the five Usul ad-Din of Shiite Islam is belief in the Oneness of God. This is very simple and a shared foundation between Shiites and Sunnis. The concept is basic. There is no deity but God, the One God of Abraham. He is Allah. He has no beginning nor end. He is Eternal, Ever-living, Creator of all that exists, seen and unseen.

Akin to Sunnis, Shiites believe God is Omniscient, Omnipotent and His Essence is Immanent throughout all of creation. He is the Lord of all things and His Power is what sustains the Heavens and the Earth and everything in between and beyond. In order to have a more thorough understanding of God in Shiite Islam I suggest readers to look into this book by Sayyid Mujtaba Musavi Lari.

It is the belief that Sovereignty belongs only to God that supports the legitimacy of the Imamate over the Caliphate, since the Imam was chosen by Allah and this decision was revealed to Muhammad to be declared to the Ummah at Ghadeer-e-Khum and the Sole Authority of God over all things deems it impossible for any to reverse this decision and claim the right for themselves in place of 'Ali.

Next, we have the belief in 'Adalah, that is Divine Justice. Shiites believe that there is intrinsic good or evil in things, and that God commands them to do the good things and shun the evil. They believe that God acts according to a purpose or design, and human reason cannot comprehend this design or purpose in its entirety, though man must always strive to understand as much as he can.

The Sunnis do not consider Justice of God as part of the fundamentals of their creed. It subscribes to the view that nothing is good or evil on its own, and that whatever God has commanded people to do became good by the virtue of His Command, and whatever He has forbidden has become evil.

Third comes the belief in Prophethood, that is, Nabuwwat. This is the belief that God has sent forward His Message unto mankind through the vessel of divinely appointed Prophets, infallible and sinless, sound of mind and body, devoted to the propagation of God's Sacred Plan.

This is also another belief that Shiites and Sunnis share. The Prophets are empowered by eloquence in words and miracles in deeds to help the facilitation of their Message. However, one key area where the Shiites and Sunnis differ is in the discussion on how the Message and its interpretation is preserved. Sunnis believe that the proper interpretation of the Prophetic Message is protected by the 'ijma of the Muslim community as the Prophet has said,

Allah will never allow my Ummah to unite upon misguidance and incorrect beliefs. Allah’s mercy, blessings and protection are with the largest group of Muslims. And he who deviates from this largest group of Muslims will be thrown into Hell.
[Sunan at-Tirmidhi, Volume 2 Page 39]

Stick to the greater crowd of believers because Allah will never gather my community upon misguidance.
[Mu’jam al-Kabir at-Tabarani, Volume 17, Page 240]

'Ijma is the consensus of the larger number of scholars within the Muslim community and whenever a dispute arises as to the correct interpretation of a Quranic Verse, Sunnis adhere to the opinion of the majority to base their understanding upon. This is covered in great detail in my previous article on Knowledge and Guidance.

In contrast, Shiites do not believe in such a democratic system when interpreting the Prophetic Message, namely the Quran and Sunnah. Rather, the Shiite belief is that such a process would lead to utter chaos and God would instead have His Message preserved via the Divine Appointment of Rightful Leaders from the Family of Muhammad, the Imams of the Ahlul Bayt, who are infallible like the Prophets and protected from error in reason and judgment. Therefore, their interpretation of the Message from God is considered most correct and authentic. This leads us to the fourth fundamental of Shiite creed, the belief in the Imamate.

Belief in the Imamate is the belief that God has appointed successive leaders following Muhammad to interpret his Message correctly for the benefit of mankind, to guide humanity towards the truth, enjoin good and forbid evil. These Imams are believed to be from the bloodline of the Prophet through his daughter Fatima and the union between her and Hazrat 'Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Apostle.

The belief is that there shall come Twelve Imams from this bloodline, the descendants from the Tribe of Quraysh. This is supported by the following Hadith,

Islam shall neither pass away nor be deviated while there are my twelve successors from my nation in it; all of them will be from Quraysh. When the last of them passes away, the Hour will be established and the Earth will be destroyed with all its inhabitants.

This narration can be found in over a hundred ahadith, with at least thirty-seven chains of narrators for each of them, in both Shiite and Sunni sources. The interpretation of the hadith varies between the two sects.

Shiites believe eleven of the twelve successors have already come and gone, all of them assassinated via the administration of poison by their enemies except for Imam Husayn who was martyred in the Battle of Kerbala at the hands of Shimr ibn Dhi'l-Jawshan, commander of the army of Yazid ibn Muaviye ibn Abu Sufyan, the tyrannical Ummayad Caliph of infamy whose reign is marred by oppression and injustice.

The Twelfth Imam, Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi, is believed to be in Occultation, raised unto Divine Protection following the death of his father, Imam Hasan al-Askari. It is said that the Hidden Imam shall return during the period before the End Times to fight alongside Jesus Christ and slay the Antichrist.

The names of the Twelve Imams in chronological order of their reigns are:

'Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Murtaza

Hassan ibn 'Ali al-Mujtaba

Husayn ibn 'Ali Sayed ash-Shuhada

'Ali ibn Husayn as-Sajjad Zayn al-Abedin

Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Baqir al-'Ulum

Ja'far ibn Muhammad as-Sadiq

Musa ibn Ja'far al-Kazim

'Ali ibn Musa ar-Reza

Muhammad ibn 'Ali at-Taqi al-Jawad

'Ali ibn Muhammad al-Hadi an-Naqi

Hassan ibn 'Ali al-Askari

Muhammad ibn Hassan al-Hujjah al-Mahdi

For more information on the concept of the Imamate and the Imams of the Ahlul Bayt, please make sure to check out this book by Sayyid Mujtaba Musavi Lari and this series of lectures by Sayyid Ammar Nakshawani.

Finally, we have the belief in Yawm al-Qiyamah, that is, belief in the Day of Judgment, the Day when all souls shall be resurrected once more from the dead and their eternal fates decided based on their worldly deeds. Knowledge about the Hour of this Day is known to none but Allah alone. Sunnis and Shiites share similar beliefs regarding the establishment of this Day except for the difference of opinion regarding the person of the Mahdi. On this Day, all truth shall be revealed and all Judgment be made. May Allah subhana wa ta'ala protect us. Ameen.



— Fahim Ferdous Kibria

Creed of the Ahlus-Sunnah w'al-Jama'ah

The word for creed in Arabic is ‘aqidah. Linguistically, it means to bind a knot firmly and tightly. And in the terminology of the sciences, it is a belief held strongly and with conviction in the hearts of humans, whether it be true or false. This strong belief is a motivator to action, such as is the case with the belief of a Muslim in the absolute necessary existence of Allah subhana wa ta'ala and the veracity of the Prophet sallallahu wa alayhisalam.

History attests to the fact that all peoples at all times have had an ideology or religious creed to which they assent, which moves them to action and which has an impact on their behavior and conduct. The Islamic creed consists of a firm belief that Allah, Lord of the Worlds, is the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth; that there is only one Allah Who can be characterized by all perfections, Who Transcends all deficiencies, and Who is unlike any other being; that Muhammad is His Prophet and Messenger to the Worlds, and that he fulfilled this mission in the most perfect and complete manner; that the Qur’an is His Book, truthful and untouched by any falsity; and that what it conveys of matters unseen – for example, Angels, other Prophets, Paradise, and Hell – is all true.

The Messenger believeth in what hath been Revealed to him from his Lord, as do the men of faith. Each one believeth in Allah, His angels, His books, and His Messengers: "We make no distinction between one and another of His Messengers." And they say: "We hear and we obey; We seek Thy Forgiveness, Our Lord, and to Thee is the end of all journeys." 

On no soul doth Allah place a burden greater than it can bear. It gets every good that it earns and it suffers every ill that it earns. Pray: "Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget or fall into error; our Lord! Lay not on us a burden like that which Thou didst lay on those before us; Our Lord! Lay not on us a burden greater than we have strength to bear. Blot out our sins and grant us Forgiveness, and have Mercy on us, Thou art our Protector; Help us against those who stand against faith."
[Quran 2:285-286]

This set of beliefs moves he who possesses them to hold fast to the rules of the shari’ah and the commands and prohibitions of the Qur’an and the sunnah.

The first tenet of belief is the belief in tawhid, that is, to believe in the Oneness of Allah, worshiping Him alone, and affirming this belief of His Essence, His Qualities and His Actions. It is also to affirm that there is no entity which resembles His Indivisible Essence; that there are no qualities which resemble the Divine Qualities, in which plurality is not possible such that one can say Allah has two Wills or two independent sets of Knowledge, for example; and that His Actions do not admit of any association – there is, that is to say, no action other than His, and any action of another is to be regarded as acquisitive, kasb.

What has been said by the theologians with regards to monotheism can be simplified as follows: It is the belief that Allah is other than anything that can be conceived by the imagination; it is the belief that His Essence in no way resembles other entities, nor does It compromise His Qualities; tawhid is, in fact, a developed science derived from certain and definitive proofs since it enables one to establish religious beliefs via argumentation and repelling doubts; and it is concerned with the Essence of Allah, and what is necessary, impossible, or permissible to affirm of It. It is also concerned with the Messengers, what they brought affirming the existence of a Creator. Finally, it treats Revelatory Data, and the necessity to believe in it.

The benefit of the science of tawhid is that it leads to knowledge of Allah through definitive proofs, and the attainment of eternal happiness as a result. Because it is connected to the knowledge of Allah and His Prophets, it is the most noble of sciences. As the Arabic saying goes: Things are ennobled by that which they are connected to.

Learning this science is an individual obligation for every person, male or female, as established by the verse which directs all to:

Know, therefore, that there is no god but Allah... [Quran 47:19]

Technically, the obligation is to know the creed in a general way, i.e. it is wajib 'ayni; while a knowledge of the particulars and details is a communal obligation, i.e. it is wajib kifa'i.

The science of tawhid discusses three matters:

1. Divinity – that which has to do with Allah,
2. Prophecy – that which has to do with Prophets and Messengers, and,
3. Revelation – that which treats matters which cannot be proven except through revelatory reports.

Regarding proofs, these are of two types: purely rational, such as that which establishes the Existence of a Creator through the Creation of the Heavens, the Earth and ourselves; and the Revelatory, which is in fact a combination of rational and revelatory premises, because the veracity of a report can be established only by reason. These proofs may establish definitive certainty in shari’ah matters when they are mass-transmitted or accompanied by empirical evidence. However, in cases where they do not accord with a reason-based proof, the latter is given priority, for to disregard reason would be to disregard both types of proofs since the latter is a hybrid.

Let us first look at the argument from epistemology and ontology. The philosophers say that that which may be known are either non-existent, existent in the mind, or existent in the world. And that which has extra-mental, worldly existence is either necessarily existent, i.e. it is impossible that it not exist, or it is contingently existent.

The theologians say that the existent is that which has a reality in the world, and it is either Eternal or it is Created. The Created is further divided into two: the Substance and the Accident. The contingent, al-mumkin, is that which is necessarily in need of a cause. It may be either existent or non-existent, in equal probability. The contingent is always Created, never Eternal.

The Essentially Necessary is Allah, Who is Simple, not compound. This is because to be compound means to be contingent, created and admitting divisibility. This also means He does not admit association because that would entail being compound. Allah transcends all and every similitude. His Qualities include Life, Knowledge, and Power. These Qualities are Eternal, and do not compromise His Necessity of Being, nor do they render Him needy of anything, for His Qualities are not other than Him.

To be created means to be preceded by non-existence. The world is everything other than Allah the Exalted. The world is made of substances and accidents. Substances are entities that are independent of place. Accidents are qualities that are connected to substance, such as color, taste, smell, life, death, will, power, and knowledge.

The Createdness of the World is proven as follows: All of existence can be classified as either Eternal or Created. The Eternal is that which is preceded by nothing else. It is necessary of existence. It is impossible for the eternal to not be, for eternality contradicts non-existence. The Created is that existent which is preceded by another. It may both exist and not exist. So, when it is distinguished by existence rather than non-existence, it is in need of something that performs that distinguishing for it. This Entity is a Creator characterized by Volition and Power.

All that is not void of created entities is Created. Nobody in the world is void of Created accidents and changeable states. The qualities of the bodies change, and they move from one state to another. The reality of changeable entities is that in fact one state is annihilated and another is created. This is known in the case of the new state by observation, and in the case of the old state because, if it were eternal it would not have become non-existent.

Therefore, it is necessary to believe firmly that the world, all its bodies, including all sorts of vegetation and animals; all actions; all utterances; and all beliefs are Created. They came to exist after non-existence.

Belief in the Existence of the Creator is the first pillar of Islamic doctrine. All other doctrinal principles are built upon it. And believing in this existence is the only path to attaining a correct understanding of Creation, and the meaning of existence in this world.

The world that we see is contingently existent which means that the mind precludes neither its existence nor non-existence. Therefore, there must be some external cause which made it existent, and distanced it from non-existence. In its default mode, the world and its entities are possible of both states. And the Cause that made it existent and not non-existent is what we call Allah, the Exalted.

Every rational person, through observation, has the ability to know necessarily that Creation came into existence after non-existence, i.e. it was Created. That which is Created is in need of a Creator. An infinite regression of such creators is impossible, as all rational people agree. Infinite regression means that a created entity has a creator, and that creator has its own creator, and on and on with no end. This infinite regression, on whose impossibility all rational people agree, cannot be avoided except by positing an Eternal Creator, Who is in need of no other, Whose Existence needs no Originator. This is Allah, the Necessarily Existent, Who is not a compound being nor multiple. He is One.

If all existences were simply contingent, and none of them were necessary, this set of contingently existent entities – which encompasses all existent entities – would be in need of an Originator. This is because the set is itself contingent, a compound entity made of a set of contingent entities. However, the Necessary of Existence is Independent in His Existence. He does not need any other entity for His Existence. And He is outside of this set. Therefore, He is the Creator.

Contemplating and knowing Allah is an obligation by consensus, whether it is by Revelatory means as the Ash’ariyyah say, or by rational ones as the Mu’taziliyyah say. The primary obligation is to know Allah, and the means to achieving it is speculation so it is also an obligation. However, speculation is not possible without an intent to engage in it. Therefore, the intention is also an obligation, indeed the first obligation. By contemplation it is meant as the tools and methodologies through which knowledge is organized so as to lead from one piece of information to another. Alternatively, it is defined as abstracting the mind away from insignificant matters and orienting it to the objects of reason. When this is done properly, what results is necessary knowledge.

This is an obligation, because in matters of doctrine, following another based on his or her authority is a sin for someone who is capable of engaging in theoretical and rational thought. If he is not capable of this, it is not a sin. Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi says,

"Our companions agree that the masses are believers and knowers of Allah, and they will populate Heaven, as we are informed in reports and as is agreed upon by scholars. For their natural state leads them to Monotheism and belief in the Creator’s Eternality and the Createdness of all else, even if they are unable to articulate this in the terminology of the theologians."

Imam Saifuddin al-Amidhi reported agreement that those who attest to the correct doctrine based on authority are not disbelievers.

The difference of opinion obtains when we turn to the judgement in the Hereafter. In matters of this world, there is no disagreement that we are to judge based on apparent attestations alone. So, he who attests to the doctrine of Islam is to be treated as a Muslim, and not pronounced a disbeliever. So, he may marry other Muslims; he may lead the prayer; his slaughtered meat may be consumed; Muslims may inherit from him, and he from them; and he is to be buried in their cemeteries.

Now let us move on to the subject of belief, Imaan, which is to attest to all that is brought by the Prophets and is known necessarily to be of the religion, both in generalities and particulars, everything brought forth by Muhammad constitutes submission to Allah, Islam, outside of which there is no Salvation. As Allah says in the Qur'an:

Say: "Truly, my prayer and my sacrifice, my life and my death are for Allah, the Lord of the Worlds: No partner hath He: this am I Commanded, and I am the first of those who bow to His Will."
[Quran 6:162-163]

It is necessary that one submit to this, for there is no salvation in the eyes of Allah except by entering into Islam:

Say: "We believe in Allah, and in what has been Revealed to us and what was Revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and in (the Books) given to Moses, Jesus, and the Prophets, from their Lord; we make no distinction between one and another among them, and to Allah do we bow our will (in Islam)." If anyone desires a religion other than Islam (submission to Allah) never will it be accepted of him; and in the Hereafter he will be in the ranks of those who have lost.
[Quran 3:84-85]

Islam is the Religion of Allah with which all other Messengers had been sent:

Abraham was not a Jew nor yet a Christian, but he was true in faith and submitted his will to and joined not gods with Him. [Quran 3:67]

The formula of testimony is:

I bear witness that there is no god but Allah;
And I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.

For one who is capable of uttering it, it is obligatory for the validity of his faith. It may be uttered in a language other than Arabic, though it is better to use the Arabic wording. Simply uttering the words is not sufficient if the speaker does not understand the meaning of what he is reciting.

Articulating the formula of testimony is a condition of one being considered a Muslim in legal matters, such as inheritance, marriage, leading prayer, being eligible for the funeral prayer, burial in Muslim cemeteries, and being subject to the demand to pray and pay the zakat. This is because silent affirmation in one’s heart, though it constitutes belief, is hidden, and we are in need of a visible sign of one’s Islam.

He who attests with his tongue, but not his heart, is a hypocrite. Though he is not a Muslim in the eyes of Allah, he is to be regarded as a Muslim in this world, provided he does not betray any visible indication of his disbelief, such as prostrating to an idol or abusing a copy of the Qur’an.

The rejecter is one who refuses to utter the formula of testimony. He is a disbeliever both in the eyes of Allah and in the consideration of people in this world. An affirmation of the heart is of no consequence. He who is confronted by doubts must seek to dispel them either through rational speculation or by asking someone of knowledge. He who is confronted by temptations should seek refuge in Allah, and say “I believe in Allah and His Messenger.” Concerning the children of Muslims are considered believers, and are to be treated as such in this world even if they never articulate the formula of testimony their whole lives.

Regarding the Nature and Attributes of Allah, there are some things that cannot be affirmed of Allah. In short, He is Transcendent, and free of anything that indicates createdness or deficiency of any sort. Therefore, one may not attribute to Him accidental attributes like taste, color, smell, or pain. Nor is He restricted to directionality. Nor can we ascribe to him adjacency, for He is not bound by area. Neither the Earth nor the Heavens surround Him. He has neither limits nor measure.

Anything that is distinguished by directionality is restricted to a space, and therefore is capable of being joined to substances and separate from them. Anything that admits such a joining and separation with substance is connected to substance, and not void of it. Anything that is not void of substance is created like the substance it is connected to. In contrast, Allah transcends space, and connection to bodies.

We believe that the Creator of the world cannot be restricted by space, nor can He have an end. For a thing may not be so restricted except by something else, nor can he have an endpoint except by imposing a limitation on him by another entity. But the Creator is neither created, nor restricted, nor limited in any way. As Allah says:

Seest thou not that Allah doth Know (all) that is in the Heavens and on Earth? There is not a secret consultation between three, but He makes the fourth among― them nor between five but he is the sixth nor between fewer nor more, but He is with them, wheresoever they be: in the end will He tell them the truth of their conduct, on the Day of Judgment. For Allah has Full Knowledge of all things.
[Quran 58:7]

It is impermissible to attribute to Allah movement or rest, going and coming, being in a place, connectedness and disconnectedness, physical proximity and distance, size, body, form, measure, directions, or sides.

There are the Attributes which Subsist in the Divine Essence. They number seven or eight, the difference in number being due to scholarly disagreement. These attributes are eternal like His Names. If they had been created, this would mean affirming something created of the Divine Essence. It would also mean that Allah was once without them. Finally, it would indicate the need for something to endow the Divine Essence with this quality, which contradicts His Absolute Self-Sufficiency, His lack of need of anything other than Him. These are in contrast to the attributes of action which are not eternal according to the Ash’ariyyah.

The Attributes of the Divine Essence are of neither the essence, nor of other than it. The former is obvious, for it is well known that the Reality of the Essence is not the same as that of its Attributes, otherwise they would be identical. As for the latter, what is meant is that They are not of a separable other. For these Attributes are not separable from the essence, even though Their Reality is not that of the essence itself.

Whoever directs his worship to the Attributes alone has committed disbelief. And whoever connects his worship to the Essence alone has sinned. The correct path is to worship the Divine Essence characterized by Its Attributes.

These Attributes are,

1. Existence: This means the Existence of His Essence, uncaused by any other. It is impossible that He did not Exist. This sort of Perfect Existence is affirmed only of Allah. All others partake in a subordinate mode of existence, both preceded and succeeded by non-existence. This is an Affirmative Attribute, affirmed of the Essence Itself.
2. Eternality: This is a Negative Attribute, which is to say that it negates that which is not worthy of Allah – in this case, createdness, and so previous non-existence. What is meant is the Eternality of the Essence – that It never came into existence. For if It were not Eternal, It would be created, and thus in need of a creator, which creator would itself be in need of a creator. This would regress infinitely. As such, He must be Eternal. We believe that Allah has always been. A report in the Sahih of Imam Muhammad ibn Hibban has it that, "There was Allah, and there was none other than Him."
3. Everlastingness: This is also a Negative Attribute intended to exclude non-existence from His Essence. Just as we may not contemplate a cause for the generation of the Necessary Existent, we may not admit a cause for Its destruction. If we were to admit such a cause, there would be no Necessary Existent. The proof that Allah’s Existence has no end is that It would then not be Eternal, because Eternality contradicts non-existence. The existence of all other creation has both a beginning and end, except for Paradise and Hell, which had a beginning but no end. We know this through revelation and not reason.
4. Absolute Uniqueness: This is also a Negative Attribute indicating a lack of resemblance between Allah and Creation, for He is neither a body nor an accident, neither a universal nor a particular. He similarly transcends all states and attributions that, for example, can be said of humans and other entities, such as sleep, heedlessness, hunger, thirst, and need. The proof of this Attribute is that if Allah were not opposed to all created things in all qualities, He would resemble them in their createdness, or they would resemble Him in His Eternality. That is impossible.
   We believe that Allah cannot be characterized by those qualities which characterize creation. These latter are the essence of createdness, such as being restricted to a place or time, having bodily or mental needs, or weakness or incapacity. Allah is completely Transcendent. Nothing even remotely resembles him. He has neither ancestors nor descendants. Nor does he have friends and enemies in the manner commonly spoken of, though we may use these words to mean sincere devotees, on the one hand, and those who transgress his commands, on the other.
   However, it is true that we may describe humanity by some qualities we attribute to Allah, such as Knowledge, Power, Will, and Perception. However, we distinguish by stating that these attributes are Essential Attributes of Allah, but not essential attributes of humans. In the case of the latter, they are bestowed unto us as Blessings.
5. Subsistence in Himself: This means that He has no need for any other. We believe that Allah subsists in Himself. He has no need for an entity to generate Him, nor for a space to encompass him. He has been Allah since before the generation of anything else, and before the generation of time and space itself. Nor does He have directionality, though some anthropomorphists have said that He is characterized by "aboveness." This is invalid. As Qadhi 'Iyadh has said, "There is no disagreement among the Muslim jurists, ahadith scholars, theologians, thinkers, and lay people that the apparent meaning of verses that mention Allah being in the Heavens, such as ‘Do ye feel secure that He Who is in Heaven will not cause you to be swallowed up by the Earth when it trembles?’ are not to be taken literally, but rather are to be interpreted."
6. Oneness: This is also a Negative Attribute in that it denies something that is not appropriate to Attribute to Allah, that is, multiplicity or quantity. Allah is neither composed of parts, nor made up of particulars subsumed under a Universal. He does not have two sets of Knowledge or two Wills that complement one another, nor does He have a Knowledge or Will that partakes in the knowledge or will of others.
7. Power: This is an Eternal Attribute of the Divine Essence through which all things come to be and come to an end in accordance with His Will. What is necessary for every Muslim to know and believe is that Allah is capable of all things. The proof that Allah is characterized by power is that if He were not Omnipotent, He would be characterized by incapacity. This is impossible.
8. Will: This is also an Eternal Attribute of the Divine Essence which has to do with realizing some of the potentialities of contingent beings. Allah’s Will is One. It originates and annihilates some things.

There are also other attributes. These include Knowledge, Life, Speech, Hearing, and Sight.

Regarding the Beautiful Names of Allah, He Himself says:

The most beautiful names belong to Allah: so call on Him by them...
[Quran 8:180]

The Names of Allah are Eternal like His Essential Attributes. This Eternality is taken to mean that either that they were suitable of Allah from pre-eternality, or that they always indicated the meaning of those names. Some like Sheikh ibn ‘Arabi took them to be equal in that they all pertain to One Essence, Allah, even though they may differ in the world. Others took them to be of varying degrees of importance.

"Allah" is itself the Greatest Name, above all others. Ninety-nine of these Names have been enumerated in a hadith in Imam at-Tirmidhi’s book on the authority of Hazrat Abu Hurairah, but Imam an-Nawawi has said that the scholars have agreed the Names and Attributes that are listed there do not exhaust the Names and Attributes of Allah. The position of the Ahlus Sunnah w'al Jama'ah is that His Names and Attributes are taught to us, for this is what indicates Allah’s Permission. This may take the form of either being in the Qur’an and sunnah, or it may be established by consensus of prevalent use, such as the Existent, the Necessary and the Eternal.

Now let us turn towards the subject of Prophecy. In Arabic, the word "prophet," "nabi," is taken from the word for "news" or "report," for the Prophet reports about Allah. The Prophet is also the one who is reported to, in the first instance, since Gabriel brings him news.

Terminologically, the word "prophet" refers to a pure human who is inspired by a Revelatory Code of Conduct on which he himself acts, even though he may not be called on to propagate it. If he is in fact called upon to propagate, he is a "messenger" or "rasul."  All Messengers are Prophets, but not all Prophets are Messengers.

The Sending of Messengers is a Great Bounty from our Lord because the phenomenon is a rational possibility, but He is under no obligation to send Messengers.

Allah has named twenty-five Prophets in the Qur’an. Their Prophethood must be believed in. It is not permissible for a Muslim to be ignorant of them. There are yet others not mentioned by name or in detail in the Qur’an. We know of them only generally, and so must believe in them in that general manner. That is to say, we must believe that Allah sent many Prophets and Messengers to every nation and group in a variety of places and times. It is ignorant to think that Allah specified only the Arabian peninsula and its surrounding areas for Prophecy.

There are five necessary requirements for Prophethood:

1. Prophets only arise among humans, not among jinn or angels.
2. Prophets must be characterized by trustworthiness and honesty, and innocence from sin.
   This is so that their testimony may be believed, and held to a high standard.
3. Prophets must be characterized by a perfect rationality, precision, and uprightness.
4. Prophets must have propagated to the people everything they had been ordered to propagate.
5. Prophets must have not concealed anything.

There is disagreement on whether a prophet must be male. Those who said he must be a male rely on the verse:

Before thee, also the messengers We sent were but men, to whom We granted Inspiration: if ye know this not, ask of those who possess the Message. [Quran 21:7]

Those who say it is not a condition that a prophet must be a male point to verses which say that the mother of Moses was inspired as well:

"So We sent this Inspiration to the mother of Moses…" [Quran 28:7]

And that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was listed in a context where many other Prophets were listed:

Those were some of the Prophets on whom Allah did bestow His Grace ― of the posterity of Adam, and of those whom We carried in the Ark with Noah, and of the posterity of Abraham and Israel ― of those whom We Guided and Chose...
[Quran 19:58]

The greatest of Prophets is the Final Prophet, Muhammad. Muslims are duty bound to love him, as we learn from numerous of ahadith.

Regarding miracles, these are the Actions of Allah in which the conventional laws of nature are broken at the hands of His Messengers so that the Messenger’s truthfulness and the veracity of his Message may be affirmed. It may be speech, like the Qur’an, or an action, such as the gushing forth of water between Muhammad's fingers, or an absence, such as the inability of the fire to burn Abraham.

The conditions for a miracle are that it be from Allah Himself, it be a breaking of the conventional laws of nature, it be inexplicable, it be at the hands of someone who claims prophecy so that his Prophethood may be established, it be in accordance with what is being claimed and what is claimed not be disproven by the miracle itself, and it not precede the claim but be made in conjunction with it.

Therefore, Prophet Jesus’ speech in his infancy, wet dates falling on Lady Mary from a dry palm tree, cutting the chest of Prophet Muhammad and washing his heart, clouds forming a shadow over him to protect him from the sun along with the peace greetings that he used to hear from stones before his prophecy are considered miracles.

The Prophet's greatest miracle was the Qur’an itself. He also had material sensible miracles, such as the splitting of the moon, the greetings offered to him by stones, trees speaking to him, the gushing forth of water between his fingers, and others.

It is obligatory for a Muslim to believe firmly that there is no Cause in the world other than Allah, and that all the apparent causes we see in the world of phenomena are deputized by Allah Himself. There is however no harm in using language that indicates causality of things other than Allah if one's beliefs are sound on this matter. For example, one might say, "This medicine was of benefit to me," or "This doctor cured me," or "The rain this year caused there to be a good crop" without any harm of falling into disbelief.

This is why there is no harm in a Muslim seeking intercession with Allah via the Relics of Prophets, as long as he believes that the only Cause is Allah. This fits with the language used with respect to the apparent causality of the world. The most obvious instance of such is the Qur’anic verse:

We sent thee not, but as a mercy for all creatures. [Quran 21:107]

If Allah has said of the Prophet that he is the cause of mercy to His servants, there is no harm in invoking this honor He has granted the Prophet.

There is also no difference between invoking him during his life and after his death. This is because his bodily life was never the reason for invoking him in this manner, such that we may say this is no longer possible.

Regarding belief in Revelation, the word used for this, sam’iyyat, refers to all that which can be known only through reports that partake in certainty. One may not be a believer in Allah in his heart, mind and soul without believing in both the seen and the unseen. The unseen we believe in is that which is not visible, which may not be perceived purely through rationality.

Believing in the unseen is the first pillar of piety. This means believing in

1. Allah,
2. the Reality of the Angels of Allah,
3. the Authority of the Divine Scriptures inspired by Allah
4. the Messengers of Allah,
5. the Reality of the Last Day and that it will undoubtedly come,
6. Fate, good or bad, and that there is nothing in the world except it was willed by Allah.

Believing in the unseen includes also believing in the existence of the Jinn whose existence is proven by definitive texts. Allah says in the Qur’an,

And He created the jinn from smokeless fire. [Quran 55:15]

So the jinn are created from fire and are asked to worship Allah Almighty and follow the Prophets and Messengers as Allah says:

I have only created the Jinn and Man so that they may serve Me. [Quran 51:56]

Also the jinn are divided into believers and disbelievers recorded in the Quran,

"Amongst us are some that submit their wills to Allah and some that swerve from justice."
Now those who submit their wills― they have sought out the Path of Righteousness.
[Quran 72:14]

Satan is one of the jinn but was expelled away from Allah’s Mercy and earned Allah’s Wrath on himself because of his disobedience towards Allah’s Direct Command to prostrate to Adam as was narrated in the Qur’an:

Behold! We said to the angels "Bow down to Adam": they bowed down except Iblis. He was one of the jinn, and he broke the Command of his Lord… [Quran 18:50]

Allah’s Eternal Wrath on Satan deems him to enter Hellfire but his Punishment is postponed until Judgment Day where he will be sentenced to excruciating pain along with those who were seduced by Satan and followed his path of evil. The jinn are inhabitants of Earth and are able to see humans unlike humans who are unable to see jinn as Allah explained in the Qur’an saying:

… for he and his tribe watch you from a position where ye cannot see them... [Quran 7:27]

Regarding the Throne, we believe it is the greatest of creation, and it is where Allah will present Himself on the Judgment Day. This Throne will be carried by eight angels on that Day but we are unable to attribute any sort of a defined or detailed description of this Throne due to a lack of knowledge about it.

We also believe in the Divine Footstool but similarly we have no available data describing it. What we know for sure though is that neither the Throne nor the Footstool are dwellings of Allah. In other words, Allah did not create the Throne out of need for elevation or superiority and did not create the Footstool out of a need for sitting down.

We also believe in the Divine Tablets, al-Lawh al-Mahfuz, and this is the first of creation. It is preserved well within the Bayt al-Ma'mur directly underneath the Divine Throne. Its length is of one-hundred years. Before creating anything else Allah ordered the Pen, the second creation of all, to write. It asked what it was to write. It was told,
“All that is going to be.”

Akin to the Throne and the Divine Footstool, the same goes for creating the Pen; it was not created for writing previously unknown knowledge nor angels asked to record the deeds of humans out of fear of forgetfulness.

Regarding belief in Paradise and Hell, these are two created entities, the first an Eternal Abode of Reward, and the latter an Eternal abode of Punishment and Fire, of levels and each person will occupy the level in accordance with his deeds. Some people might assume that the Eternality of Heaven and Hell comes in opposition to Allah’s saying in the Qur’an:

…everything will perish except His Own Face. To Him Belongs the Command, and to Him will ye all be brought back. [Quran 28:88]

But the correct interpretation of this verse is that everything in its own right amounts to nothingness because of its inability of independent self existence.

We also believe in the Reservoir from which the Prophet will serve the believers of his nation in the hereafter and we believe that whoever drinks from it shall never be subjected to thirst.

Regarding the Hour and its signs we believe there are some obvious signs like the appearance of Gog and Magog, the Emergence of the Beast, the rising of the sun from the west and the appearance of smoke. These Signs, specially the ones that are backed by definitive proofs from the Qur’an, are absolute tenets of belief and whoever denies their veracity is deemed to be a liar and a disbeliever. These Signs are part of Revelation which the mind does not have much say in as they are believed in through revelatory reports. For example, Allah says in the Qur’an:

Until the People of Gog and Magog are let through, and they swiftly swarm from every hill.
[Quran 21:96]

The questioning in the grave is authenticated by numerous prophetic reports. It is believed that the soul returns back to the body with all its five senses intact and its intellectual ability persevered to be questioned in the grave and receives its due punishment or enjoy its grace. After the burial of the dead and the dismissal of people attending his or her funeral, two angels called Munkar and Nakir are responsible for asking the deceased three questions in the language that is understood by the deceased.

The angels ask the dead about the two parts of the testimony of faith namely the Oneness of Allah and the Prophethood of Muhammad. Prophets and Saints are exempted from these questions as well as Martyrs who died for the Sake of Allah along with children because they were not eligible to understand Commands and Prohibitions ordained by Allah.

Allah Almighty has the Power to gather back the scattered particles and atoms of the body resided in a grave or spread in a desert or kept in the belly of an animal and form the human body again to be asked about his or her life on Earth. The scholars of the Ash’ariyyah theology reached a consensus that both the body and the soul combined either suffer from the ailments or enjoy the grace in the grave.

The return of the body to the spirit on the Day of Judgment is believed in as all the particles of the body is gathered again to return it to its original state to form the full human body. Allah Almighty possesses the Ability to reorganize these particles because of His Unlimited Power and Divine Knowledge.

We also believe in the Resurrection of the dead and taking them out of their graves for the Reckoning. In this day all human beings, jinn,and angels shall be resurrected along with beasts and animals.

Regarding the belief in Intercession of the Prophet on this day, it is obligatory and this noble status of wasilah is the supplication or prayer which the Prophet saved for his people until Doomsday. The meaning of intercession entails forgiveness for whoever attested to the Oneness of Allah and the Prophecy of Muhammad even if this person committed the gravest of sins.

All the other prophets also have the Right of Intercession in the Day of Judgement along with the angels, the gnostics and the martyrs. The first intercessor among all these is Prophet Muhammad. As for the intercession of others, it occurs only after reckoning and punishment over small and grave sins which were not forgiven by Allah. The importance of intercession lies in honoring the intercessor in this day and showing his great position in the sight of Allah. Therefore, the Forgiveness of sins other than polytheism is possible both through logic and revelation as intercession deems forgiveness possible. As for polytheism, it is deemed impossible through Revelation for a polytheist to be forgiven.

The Ash’ariyyah creed refuses to make a judgement of disbelief on any sinful believer in this world and it is similarly impermissible to pass a verdict of his or her eternal stay in Hellfire for sins whether minor or major. The correct approach is to delegate the whole issue to Allah.

Regarding the belief in the crossing of the Path that stretches over Hell, all will have to pass over it as a test and among the passers are the prophets, the gnostics and those who enter paradise without previous subjection to reckoning and judgement over their deeds. The description of the path is that it is thinner than a hair and sharper than a blade. Whoever is deemed to enter Paradise will succeed in crossing his way over to Heaven and whoever is deemed to enter Hell will fall over the bridge straight down to Hell.



— Mufti 'Ali Goma'ah, transmitted via Sidi Terence Helikaon Nunis of A Muslim Convert Once More